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Outlawing of the consumption, sale, production etc. of alcohol

Prohibition is the act or exercise of forbidding something by law; more than particularly the term refers to the banning of the manufacture, storage (whether in barrels or in bottles), transportation, sale, possession, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The word is besides used to refer to a period of fourth dimension during which such bans are enforced.

History [edit]

The Drunkard'due south Progress: A lithograph by Nathaniel Currier supporting the temperance movement, January 1846

Some kind of limitation on the trade in booze can be seen in the Code of Hammurabi (c. 1772 BCE) specifically banning the selling of beer for coin. It could but be bartered for barley: "If a beer seller do not receive barley as the toll for beer, merely if she receive money or brand the beer a measure smaller than the barley measure received, they shall throw her into the water."[one]

In the early twentieth century, much of the impetus for the prohibition motility in the Nordic countries[ commendation needed ] and Due north America came from moralistic convictions of pietistic Protestants.[2] Prohibition movements in the West coincided with the advent of women'due south suffrage, with newly empowered women as function of the political procedure strongly supporting policies that curbed alcohol consumption.[3] [4]

The first half of the 20th century saw periods of prohibition of alcoholic beverages in several countries:

  • 1918 to 1920: Prohibition in Canada nationally, equally well as in most provinces including:
    • 1901 to 1948 in Prince Edward Island[5]
    • 1919 to 1919 in Quebec
  • 1907 to 1992 in the Faroe Islands; express private imports from Denmark were allowed from 1928
  • 1914 to 1925: Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Marriage[half-dozen]
  • 1915 to 1935: Prohibition in Republic of iceland (wine legal from 1922, only beer still prohibited until 1989)[7]
  • 1916 to 1927 in Norway (fortified wine and beer were too prohibited from 1917 to 1923)[ clarification needed ]
  • 1919 in the Hungarian Soviet Republic, March 21 to August 1; chosen szesztilalom
  • 1919 to 1932 in Finland (called kieltolaki, "ban constabulary")
  • 1920 to 1933: Prohibition in the Us

After several years, prohibition failed in North America and elsewhere. Rum-running or bootlegging became widespread, and organized crime took command of the distribution of alcohol. Distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean flourished as their products were either consumed by visiting Americans or illegally exported to the United States. Detroit and Chicago became notorious as havens for prohibition dodgers during the time known as the Roaring Twenties - 75% of all alcohol smuggled into the U.s.a. crossed the Detroit-Windsor border.[8] Prohibition generally came to an end in the belatedly 1920s or early 1930s in most of North America and Europe, although a few locations continued prohibition for many more years.

In some countries where the dominant faith forbids the apply of alcohol, the product, auction, and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited or restricted today. For case, in Saudi Arabia and Libya booze is banned; in Pakistan and Iran it is illegal with exceptions.[9]

Effects [edit]

Generally, prohibition is not completely effective, and tends to drive the market place underground instead.[10]

Prohibition worldwide [edit]

Africa [edit]

Nigeria [edit]

In the British colony of Nigeria, missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. Both Africans and British establish illegal supplies such equally secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. The experiment began in 1890 and was repealed in 1939.[11]

S Africa [edit]

During the coronavirus outbreak of 2020, alcohol sales, and even the transportation of booze outside of one's home, was made illegal. This order came into issue during the nationwide lockdown on 27 March 2020. The purpose of the ban was intended to forbid drunken fights, reduce domestic violence, stop drunk driving, and eliminate the weekend binge-drinking so prevalent across South Africa.

Police, medics, and analysts estimate—conservatively—that booze is involved in, or responsible for, at to the lowest degree 40% of all emergency hospital admissions. By reducing the number of people within hospitals, and of grade within social gatherings, the goal of prohibition was to reduce the charge per unit of transmission, and thus slow the spread of the virus.[12]

Southern asia [edit]

Afghanistan [edit]

Sale of alcohol is banned in Afghanistan.

Bangladesh [edit]

In Bangladesh, alcohol is somewhat prohibited due to its proscription in the Islamic religion. The purchase and consumption is notwithstanding immune in the land. The Garo tribe consume a blazon of rice beer, and Christians in this state drink and buy wine for their holy communion.

India [edit]

In Bharat alcohol is a country field of study and individual states can legislate prohibition, but currently most states do not take prohibition and sale/consumption is freely bachelor in 25 out of 29 states. Prohibition is in strength in u.s.a. of Gujarat, Bihar and Nagaland, parts of Manipur, and the union territory of Lakshadweep. All other States and union territories of Republic of india permit the auction of alcohol.[13]

Election days and certain national holidays such every bit Independence Day are meant to exist dry days when liquor sale is not permitted but consumption is allowed. Some Indian states detect dry days on major religious festivals/occasions depending on the popularity of the festival in that region.[ citation needed ]

Maldives [edit]

The Maldives ban the import of alcohol, x-raying all baggage on arrival. Alcoholic beverages are bachelor just to foreign tourists on resort islands and may not be taken off the resort.

Islamic republic of pakistan [edit]

Pakistan allowed the complimentary sale and consumption of alcohol for 3 decades from 1947, simply restrictions were introduced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto just weeks before he was removed equally prime minister in 1977. Since then, only members of not-Muslim minorities such as Hindus, Christians and Zoroastrians are immune to apply for booze permits. The monthly quota is dependent upon one'due south income, but is actually virtually v bottles of liquor or 100 bottles of beer. In a country of 180 million, merely about sixty outlets are allowed to sell alcohol. The Murree Brewery in Rawalpindi was one time the merely legal brewery, but today there are more. The ban officially is enforced past the state's Islamic Credo Council, merely information technology is non strictly policed. Members of religious minorities, however, often sell their liquor permits to Muslims equally function of a continuing black market merchandise in alcohol.[14]

Sri Lanka [edit]

In 1955 Sri Lanka passed a law prohibiting adult women from buying alcohol.[15] In January 2018, Finance Government minister Mangala Samaraweera announced that the police would be amended, allowing women to legally consume alcohol and piece of work in venues that sell booze.[15] [xvi] The legalization was overruled by President Maithripala Sirisena several days later.[17]

West Asia [edit]

Iran [edit]

Since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the auction and consumption of alcohol is banned in Iran. All people are banned from drinking alcohol but some people merchandise and sell it illegally.[eighteen]

Kuwait [edit]

The consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly confronting the law.[19]

Saudi Arabia [edit]

The sale, consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly confronting the law.[20]

Yemen [edit]

Booze is banned in Yemen.[20]

Southeast Asia [edit]

Negara brunei darussalam [edit]

In Brunei, booze consumption and sale is banned in public. Non-Muslims are immune to purchase a limited amount of alcohol from their point of embarcation overseas for their ain private consumption, and not-Muslims who are at least the age of 18 are immune to bring in not more than two bottles of liquor (about two litres) and twelve cans of beer per person into the state.

Indonesia [edit]

Alcohol sales are banned in small shops and convenience stores.[21]

Malaysia [edit]

Alcohol is banned only for Muslims in Malaysia due to its Islamic religion and sharia law.[22] Nevertheless, alcoholic products can easily exist found in supermarkets, specialty shops, and convenience stores all over the country. Non-halal restaurants too typically sell booze.

Philippines [edit]

There are merely restrictions during elections in the Philippines. Alcohol is prohibited from purchase two days prior to an election. The Philippine Commission on Elections may opt to extend the liquor ban. In the 2010 elections, the liquor ban was a minimum two days; in the 2013 elections, there was a proposal that it be extended to v days. This was overturned by the Supreme Court.

Other than election-related prohibition, alcohol is freely sold to anyone above the legal drinking historic period.

Thailand [edit]

Booze sales are prohibited during elections from eighteen:00 the day prior to voting, until the cease of the twenty-four hours of voting itself. Alcohol is also prohibited on major Buddhist holy days, and sometimes on regal celebration days, such as birthdays.[23]

Thailand as well enforces time-limited bans on booze on a daily basis. Alcohol can just be legally purchased in stores or restaurants betwixt 11:00–xiv:00 and 17:00–midnight. The police is enforced by all major retailers (about notably vii-Eleven) and restaurants, just is ofttimes ignored past the smaller "mom and pop" stores. Hotels and resorts are exempt from the rules.

The consumption of alcohol is also banned at any time within 200 meters of a filling station (where auction of alcohol is also illegal), schools, temples or hospitals likewise as on lath any type of road vehicle regardless of whether information technology is being consumed by the commuter or rider.

At certain times of the twelvemonth—Thai New Year (Songkran) is an example—the government may likewise enforce capricious bans on the sale and consumption of booze in specific public areas where large calibration festivities are due to accept place and large crowds are expected.

Thailand strictly regulates alcohol advertising, every bit specified in the Alcoholic Drink Control Human action, B.East. 2551 (2008) (ABCA).[24] [25] Sales of alcohol via "electronic channels" (net) are prohibited.[26]

Europe [edit]

Czech Republic [edit]

On 14 September 2012, the Regime of the Czech republic banned all sales of alcoholic drinks with more than than 20% alcohol. From this date, it was illegal to sell such alcoholic beverages in shops, supermarkets, bars, restaurants, filling stations, e-shops etc. This measure out was taken in response to the moving ridge of methanol poisoning cases resulting in the deaths of 18 people in the Czech republic.[27] Since the beginning of the "methanol affair" the full number of deaths has increased to 25. The ban was to be valid until further discover,[28] though restrictions were eased towards the finish of September.[29] The last bans on Czech alcohol with regard to the poisoning cases were lifted on 10 October 2012, when neighbouring Slovakia and Poland allowed its import once over again.[xxx]

Nordic countries [edit]

The Nordic countries, with the exception of Denmark, have had a potent temperance move since the belatedly-1800s, closely linked to the Christian revival motility of the belatedly-nineteenth century, but likewise to several worker organisations. Every bit an case, in 1910 the temperance organisations in Sweden had some 330,000 members,[31] which was nigh 6% of a population of 5.five 1000000.[32] This heavily influenced the decisions of Nordic politicians in the early 20th century.

In 1907, the Faroe Islands passed a law prohibiting all sale of booze, which was in force until 1992. Very restricted individual importation from Denmark was allowed from 1928 onwards.

In 1914, Sweden put in place a rationing arrangement, the Bratt System, in force until 1955. A referendum in 1922 rejected an endeavour to enforce total prohibition.

In 1915, Republic of iceland instituted total prohibition. The ban for wine was lifted in 1922 and spirits in 1935, simply beer remained prohibited until 1989 (circumvented by mixing low-cal beer and spirits).

In 1916, Norway prohibited distilled beverages, and in 1917 the prohibition was extended to as well include fortified wine and beer. The vino and beer ban was lifted in 1923, and in 1927 the ban of distilled beverages was as well lifted.

Confiscated booze in Finland c. 1920s

In 1919, Finland enacted prohibition, as one of the starting time acts after independence from the Russian Empire. Four previous attempts to institute prohibition in the early twentieth century had failed due to opposition from the tsar. Subsequently a evolution similar to the one in the United states during its prohibition, with large-calibration smuggling and increasing violence and crime rates, public opinion turned against the prohibition, and after a national referendum where lxx% voted for a repeal of the law, prohibition was abolished in early 1932.[33] [34]

Today, all Nordic countries except Denmark proceed to have strict controls on the auction of alcohol, which is highly taxed (dutied) to the public. In that location are government monopolies in identify for selling spirits, wine, and stronger beers in Norway (Vinmonopolet), Finland (Alko), Sweden (Systembolaget), Republic of iceland (Vínbúðin), and the Faroe Islands (Rúsdrekkasøla Landsins). Bars and restaurants may, however, import alcoholic beverages directly or through other companies.

Greenland, which is office of the Kingdom of denmark, does not share its easier controls on the sale of booze.[35] Greenland has (like Denmark) sales in food shops, simply prices are typically loftier. Private import when travelling from Denmark is only allowed in modest quantities.

Russian Empire and the Soviet Union [edit]

In the Russian Empire, a express version of a Dry Constabulary was introduced in 1914.[36] It continued through the turmoil of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Ceremonious War into the menstruum of Soviet Russian federation and the Soviet Union until 1925.

United kingdom [edit]

Although the sale or consumption of commercial alcohol has never been prohibited by constabulary in the United Kingdom, historically, diverse groups in the UK have campaigned for the prohibition of alcohol; including the Society of Friends (Quakers), The Methodist Church and other not-conformists, also as temperance movements such as Band of Hope and temperance Chartist movements of the nineteenth century.

Formed in 1853 and inspired by the Maine law in the The states, the Uk Alliance aimed at promoting a similar law prohibiting the sale of alcohol in the U.k.. This hard-line group of prohibitionists was opposed by other temperance organisations who preferred moral persuasion to a legal ban. This segmentation in the ranks limited the effectiveness of the temperance movement as a whole. The impotence of legislation in this field was demonstrated when the Auction of Beer Act 1854, which restricted Sunday opening hours, had to be repealed, following widespread rioting. In 1859, a prototype prohibition bill was overwhelmingly defeated in the House of Commons.[37]

On 22 March 1917, during the Start World War at a crowded meeting in the Queen's Hall in London (chaired past Alfred Booth) many influential people including Agnes Weston spoke, or letters from them were read out, against alcohol consumption, calling for prohibition; Full general Sir Reginald Hart wrote to the meeting that "Every experienced officer knew that practically all unhappiness and criminal offense in the Army is due to drink". At the meeting, Lord Channing said that it was a pity that the whole Cabinet did not follow the example of Rex George 5 and Lord Kitchener when in 1914 those two spoke calling for complete prohibition for the duration of the war.[38]

Edwin Scrymgeour served as Member of Parliament for Dundee between xv November 1922 and 8 October 1931. He remains the just person to have ever been elected to the House of Commons on a prohibitionist ticket. In 1922, he defeated incumbent Liberal member Winston Churchill; winning the seat for the Scottish Prohibition Political party, which he had founded in 1901, and for which he had stood for ballot successfully as a Dundee Burgh Councillor in 1905 and unsuccessfully every bit a parliamentary candidate between 1908 and 1922.

North America [edit]

Canada [edit]

Indigenous peoples in Canada were subject to prohibitory alcohol laws nether the Indian Deed of 1876.[39] Sections of the Indian Act regarding liquor were non repealed for over a hundred years, until 1985.[39]

An official, but non-binding, federal referendum on prohibition was held in 1898. Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier'south government chose not to introduce a federal nib on prohibition, mindful of the potent antipathy in Quebec. Every bit a result, Canadian prohibition was instead enacted through laws passed past the provinces during the first 20 years of the 20th century, especially during the 1910s. Canada did, however, enact a national prohibition from 1918 to 1920 as a temporary wartime measure.[twoscore] [41] Much of the rum-running during prohibition took place in Windsor, Ontario. The provinces later repealed their prohibition laws, mostly during the 1920s, although some local municipalities remain dry.

Mexico [edit]

Some communities in the Chiapas land of southern United mexican states are under the control of the libertarian socialist Zapatista Army of National Liberation, and frequently ban alcohol as office of what was described as "a collective decision". This prohibition has been used past many villages as a mode to decrease domestic violence[ failed verification ] and has generally been favored by women.[42] This prohibition, even so, is not recognized past federal Mexican law as the Zapatista movement is strongly opposed by the federal government.

The sale and purchase of alcohol is prohibited on and the nighttime before certain national holidays, such every bit Natalicio de Benito Juárez (birthdate of Benito Juárez) and Día de la Revolución, which are meant to be dry nationally. The same "dry police" applies to the days before presidential elections every 6 years.

United States [edit]

Prohibition in the United States focused on the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages; exceptions were fabricated for medicinal and religious uses. Alcohol consumption was never illegal under federal police. Nationwide Prohibition did not begin in the United States until Jan 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution went into upshot. The 18th subpoena was ratified in 1919, and was repealed in December 1933 with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment.[43]

Business over excessive alcohol consumption began during the American colonial era, when fines were imposed for drunken behavior and for selling liquor without a license.[44] Protestant religious groups urged Americans to curb their drinking habits for moral and wellness reasons. Past the 1840s the temperance motion was actively encouraging individuals to immediately stop drinking. However, the consequence of slavery, and then the Civil State of war, overshadowed the temperance move until the 1870s.[45]

Prohibition was a major reform movement from the 1870s until the 1920s, when nationwide prohibition went into consequence.[46] The Women'southward Crusade of 1873 and the Adult female's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded in 1874,[44] were means through which certain women organized and demanded political action, well before they were granted the vote.[47] The WCTU and the Prohibition Party were major players until the 20th century, when the Anti-Saloon League emerged as the movement'due south leader. Past 1913, 9 states had statewide prohibition and 31 others had local option laws in event. The League and then turned their efforts toward attaining a constitutional subpoena and grassroots support for nationwide prohibition.[44]

A new ramble amendment submitted by Congress in December 1917[48] prohibited "the industry, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors inside, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the Us and all territory subject field to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes".[49] The amendment was ratified and became constabulary on January 16, 1919.[44] On Oct 28, 1919, Congress passed the National Prohibition Act, besides known as the Volstead Act, which provided enabling legislation to implement the 18th Amendment.[l] After a year'south required delay, national prohibition began on Jan 16, 1920.[44]

Prescription course for medicinal liquor

Initially, alcohol consumption nosedived to near xxx% of its pre-Prohibition levels, but within a few years, the illicit market place grew to roughly two-thirds.[51] Illegal stills flourished in remote rural areas too as metropolis slums, and large quantities were smuggled from Canada. Bootlegging became a major business activity for organized crime groups, nether leaders such equally Al Capone in Chicago and Lucky Luciano in New York Metropolis.[52]

Prohibition lost back up during the Great Low, from 1929.[53] The repeal movement was initiated and financed past the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, and Pauline Sabin, a wealthy Republican, founded the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR).[54] [55] Repeal of Prohibition in the United States was achieved with the ratification of the Twenty-first Subpoena on Dec 5, 1933. Nether its terms, states were allowed to set their own laws for the control of alcohol.[54] [55]

Betwixt 1832 and 1953, federal legislation prohibited the auction of alcohol to Native Americans, with very limited success. Later on 1953, Native American communities and reservations were permitted to laissez passer their ain local ordinances governing the sale of alcoholic beverages.[56]

In the 21st century, there are however counties and parishes within the United States known as "dry," where the sale of alcohol is prohibited or restricted.[57]

South America [edit]

Venezuela [edit]

In Venezuela, xx-iv hours before every election, the government prohibits the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages throughout the national territory, including the restriction to all dealers, liquor stores, supermarkets, restaurants, wineries, pubs, bars, public entertainment, clubs and any establishment that markets alcoholic beverages.[58]

The same is washed during Holy Week equally a mensurate to reduce the alarming rate of road traffic accidents during these holidays.[59] [60]

Oceania [edit]

Commonwealth of australia [edit]

The Australian Majuscule Territory (and so the Federal Upper-case letter Territory) was the beginning jurisdiction in Australia to have prohibition laws. In 1911, King O'Malley, and then Minister of Abode Affairs, shepherded laws through Parliament preventing new issue or transfer of licences to sell booze, to address unruly behaviour amid workers building the new capital urban center. Prohibition was fractional, since possession of alcohol purchased outside of the Territory remained legal and the few pubs that had existing licences could continue to operate. The Federal Parliament repealed the laws after residents of the Federal Upper-case letter Territory voted for the end of them in a 1928 referendum.[61]

Since so, some state governments and local councils have enacted dry areas. This is where the purchase or consumption of alcohol is but permitted in licensed areas such as liquor stores, clubs, cafes, bars, hotels, restaurants, and also individual homes. In public places such as streets, parks, and squares, consumption is not permitted, but carrying bottles that were purchased at licensed venues is allowed. Almost all dry areas are modest divers districts within larger urban or rural communities.[62] [63] [64]

More than recently, booze has been prohibited in many remote Ethnic communities. Penalties for transporting alcohol into these "dry" communities are astringent and can issue in confiscation of whatever vehicles involved; in dry areas inside the Northern Territory, all vehicles used to transport alcohol are seized.[65]

New Zealand [edit]

In New Zealand, prohibition was a moralistic reform movement begun in the mid-1880s by the Protestant evangelical and Nonconformist churches and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and after 1890 by the Prohibition League. It assumed that individual virtue was all that was needed to carry the colony forrard from a pioneering gild to a more than mature i, but it never accomplished its goal of national prohibition. Both the Church of England and the largely Irish Cosmic Church rejected prohibition as an intrusion of government into the church's domain, while the growing labor movement saw capitalism rather than alcohol as the enemy.[66] [67]

Reformers hoped that the women's vote, in which New Zealand was a pioneer, would swing the residuum, but the women were not as well organized as in other countries. Prohibition had a majority in a national plebiscite in 1911, but needed a threescore% vote to pass. The movement kept trying in the 1920s, losing three more referenda past close votes; it managed to keep in place a 6 pm closing 60 minutes for pubs and Sunday closing. The Depression and state of war years effectively ended the move.[66] [67] but their 6 p.1000. closing 60 minutes remained until October 1967 when it was extended to 10 pm.

For many years, referenda were held for individual towns or electorates, often coincident with full general elections. The ballots determined whether these individual areas would be "dry" – that is, alcohol could non be purchased or consumed in public in these areas. One notable instance was the southern city of Invercargill, which was dry from 1907 to 1943. People wanting booze usually travelled to places outside the metropolis (such as the nearby township of Lorneville or the town of Winton) to drinkable in the local pubs or purchase alcohol to have dorsum domicile. The last bastion of this 'dry out' area remains in forcefulness in the form of a licensing trust that still to this day governs the sale of liquor in Invercargill. The urban center does not allow the sale of alcohol (beer and vino included) in supermarkets unlike the residual of New Zealand, and all course of booze regardless of the sort can only exist sold in confined and liquor stores.

Prohibition was of limited success in New Zealand as—like in other countries—it led to organised bootlegging. The most famous bootlegged alcohol in New Zealand was that produced in the Hokonui Hills close to the town of Gore (not coincidentally, the nearest large town to Invercargill). Even today, the term "Hokonui" conjures up images of illicit whisky to many New Zealanders.[68]

Elections [edit]

In many countries in Latin America, the Philippines, Thailand, Turkey and several Us states, the sale but not the consumption of booze is prohibited before and during elections.[69] [70]

See likewise [edit]

  • Bootleggers and Baptists
  • Iron police force of prohibition
  • Legal drinking age
  • Listing of countries with alcohol prohibition
  • Prohibition of drugs
  • Prohibition Political party
  • Scottish Prohibition Party

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Benton and DiYanni. Arts and Civilization, An Introduction to the Humanities. Volume 1. Fourth Edition. Pearson. p. 16.
  2. ^ Richard J. Jensen, The winning of the Midwest: social and political conflict, 1888–1896 (1971) pp. 89–121 online
  3. ^ Aileen Kraditor, The Ideas of the Adult female Suffrage Move, 1890–1920 (1965) pp. 12–37.
  4. ^ Anne Myra Goodman Benjamin, A history of the anti-suffrage movement in the United States from 1895 to 1920: women against equality (1991)
  5. ^ Heath, Dwight B. (1995). International handbook on alcohol and culture. Westport, CT. Greenwood Publishing Grouping, p. 21 There seems to be agreement in the literature for 1948 but various dates are given for the initiation of PEI's prohibition legislation; 1907 is the latest, while 1900, 1901 and 1902 are given by others.
  6. ^ ""Sobering effect: What happened when Russian federation banned alcohol"". 15 Baronial 2014.
  7. ^ Associated Press, "Beer (Soon) for Icelanders", The New York Times, May 11, 1988
  8. ^ "Prohibition in Detroit: Inside the city'south most infamous speakeasy". WDIV-Television receiver Detroit. 28 January 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  9. ^ "Tipsy Taboo". The Economist. 18 August 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  10. ^ Rosalsky, Greg (11 August 2020). "Secret Gyms and the Economic science of Prohibition". NPR.
  11. ^ Simon Heap, "'We retrieve prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria." International Journal of African Historical Studies 31.1 (1998): 23–51.online
  12. ^ "Is South Africa's booze ban working?". BBC News. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  13. ^ "States with total and stage-wise prohibition of alcohol in Bharat". The Indian Express.
  14. ^ "Lone brewer pocket-size beer in Pakistan". theage.com.au. 2003-03-11. Retrieved 2010-04-25 .
  15. ^ a b "Sri Lanka removes ban on sale of alcohol to women". BBC News. Jan 10, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  16. ^ "Sri Lanka removes 63-twelvemonth-former ban on alcohol for women". Daily Sabah. January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018. Co-ordinate to Mangala Samaraweera, the Sri Lankan government is alteration the constabulary that installed the ban 63 years agone.
  17. ^ "Sri Lanka's president rejects move to allow women to buy alcohol". BBC News. January fourteen, 2018. Retrieved Jan 15, 2018. He told a rally he had ordered the government to withdraw the reform, which would also accept immune women to work in bars without a permit.
  18. ^ A. Christian Van Gorder (2010). Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-muslims in Iran. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 195–. ISBN978-0-7391-3609-vi.
  19. ^ "Living in Kuwait – GOV.UK".
  20. ^ a b "Saudi Arabia". Travel.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2012-ten-22 .
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  22. ^ Jason Cristiano Ramon, Demand Media. "Alcohol Policies in Malaysia". Travel Tips – U.s. Today . Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  23. ^ "Thailand Public Holidays 2020". Pattaya Sanook . Retrieved 24 December 2020.
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  25. ^ "Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, B.E. 2551 (2008)" (Unofficial translation). Royal Gazette. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  26. ^ "Thailand bans online sales of alcohol". New Straits Times. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 24 Dec 2020.
  27. ^ "Nečas: Liquor needs new stamps before hitting the shelves". Prague Daily Monitor (ČTK). 2012-09-20. Archived from the original on 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2012-09-20 .
  28. ^ "Czechs ban auction of spirits later bootleg booze kills 19". Reuters Uk. 2012-09-14. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  29. ^ "Czechs partially lift spirits ban after mass poisoning". BBC News. 26 September 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  30. ^ "Slovakia, Poland lift ban on Czech spirits". Eu Business. ten Oct 2012. Retrieved 22 Feb 2013.
  31. ^ IOGT history (in Swedish) Retrieved 2011-12-08
  32. ^ SCB Population statistics for 1910 (in Swedish) Retrieved 2011-12-08
  33. ^ Wuorinen, John H. (1932). "Finland's Prohibition Experiment". The Annals of the American University of Political and Social Scientific discipline. 163: 216–226. doi:10.1177/000271623216300123. JSTOR 1017701. S2CID 143783269.
  34. ^ South. Sariola, "Prohibition in Finland, 1919–1932; its background and consequences," Quarterly Journal of Studies in Alcohol (Sep. 1954) 15(3) pp. 477–90
  35. ^ "Imagine drinking water but: alcohol and Greenland". The Fourth Continent. 2013-07-26. Retrieved 29 Nov 2015.
  36. ^ I.N. Vvedensky, An Experience in Enforced Forbearance Archived 2008-12-21 at the Wayback Auto (1915), Moscow (Введенский И. Н. Опыт принудительной трезвости. М.: Издание Московского Столичного Попечительства о Народной Трезвости, 1915.) (in Russian)
  37. ^ Nick Brownlee (2002) This is Alcohol: 99–100
  38. ^ Daily Telegraph, Friday 23 March 1917, reprinted in Daily Telegraph, Thursday 23 March 2017, p. thirty
  39. ^ a b Campbell, Robert A. (Winter 2008). "Making Sober Citizens: The Legacy of Indigenous Alcohol Regulation in Canada, 1777–1985". Journal of Canadian Studies. Academy of Toronto Press. 42 (1): 105–126. doi:10.3138/jcs.42.one.105. ISSN 1911-0251. S2CID 145221946.
  40. ^ Bumsted, J.Thou. (2008). The Peoples of Canada: A Post-Confederation History, Third Edition . Oxford: Academy Press. pp. 218, 219. ISBN978-0-19-542341-9.
  41. ^ Maquis, Greg (2004). "Brewers and Distillers Paradise: American Views of Canadian Alcohol Policies". Canadian Review of American Studies. 34 (2): 136, 139.
  42. ^ "The Zapatistas Reject the War on Drugs". Narco News. Retrieved 2010-04-25 .
  43. ^ McGirr, Lisa (2015). The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State. W. W. Norton & Visitor. ISBN978-0393066951.
  44. ^ a b c d e "History of Booze Prohibition". Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved Nov eight, 2013.
  45. ^ Housley, Kathleen (Wintertime 1992). ""Yours for the Oppressed": The Life of Jehiel C. Beman". The Journal of Negro History. 77 (1): 17–29. doi:10.2307/3031524. JSTOR 3031524. S2CID 150066631.
  46. ^ Lantzer, Jason S. (2014). Interpreting the Prohibition Era at Museums and Historic Sites. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 32–36. ISBN9780759124332.
  47. ^ "Women'south Christian Temperance Movement". Prohibition: Roots of Prohibition. PBS. Retrieved December iv, 2014.
  48. ^ "Prohibition wins in Senate, 47 to 8" (PDF). The New York Times. December 19, 1917. p. half-dozen. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
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  70. ^ Prohibition – View Videos

References [edit]

  • Susanna Barrows, Robin Room, and Jeffrey Verhey (eds.), The Social History of Alcohol: Drinking and Culture in Modern Society (Berkeley, Calif: Alcohol Research Group, 1987).
  • Susanna Barrows and Robin Room (eds.), Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modernistic History University of California Press, (1991).
  • Jack Due south. Blocker, David M. Fahey, and Ian R. Tyrrell eds. Alcohol and Temperance in Mod History: An International Encyclopedia 2 Vol. (2003).
  • Blocker Jr, JS (Feb 2006). "Did prohibition actually work? Alcohol prohibition as a public health innovation". Am J Public Health. 96 (ii): 233–43. doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.065409. PMC1470475. PMID 16380559.
  • Ernest Cherrington, ed., Standard Encyclopaedia of the Alcohol Trouble 6 volumes (1925–1930), comprehensive international coverage to late 1920s.
  • Farness, Kate, "One Half So Precious", Dodd, Mead, and Company, (1995).
  • Jessie Forsyth, Collected Writings of Jessie Forsyth 1847–1937: The Skilful Templars and Temperance Reform on Three Continents ed by David Yard. Fahey (1988).
  • Gefou-Madianou. Alcohol, Gender and Culture (European Association of Social Anthropologists) (1992).
  • Healy, Gene (2008). "Drug Prohibition". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. G Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 128–29. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n81. ISBN978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
  • Dwight B. Heath, ed; International Handbook on Alcohol and Civilization Greenwood Press, (1995).
  • Max Henius Mod liquor legislation and systems in Finland, Norway, Denmark and Sweden (1931).
  • Max Henius The error in the National prohibition act (1931).
  • Patricia Herlihy; The Alcoholic Empire: Vodka & Politics in Tardily Imperial Russia Oxford University Press, (2002).
  • Kobler, John. Capone: The Life and Globe of Al Capone. Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 1971.
  • Moore, Lucy. Annihilation Goes: A Biography of the Roaring Twenties. New York: Overlook Printing, 1970.
  • Daniel Okrent. Last Phone call; The Ascent and Fall of Prohibition. New York: Scribner, 2010.
  • Sulkunen, Irma. History of the Finnish Temperance Movement: Temperance Equally a Civic Religion (1991).
  • Tyrrell, Ian; Woman's Globe/Woman'south Empire: The Adult female'southward Christian Temperance Spousal relationship in International Perspective, 1880–1930 U of North Carolina Printing, (1991).
  • Mark Thornton, "Booze Prohibition was a Failure," Policy Analysis, Washington DC: Cato Institute, 1991.
  • Mark Thornton, The Economic science of Prohibition, Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, 1991.
  • White, Helene R. (ed.), Gild, Culture and Drinking Patterns Reexamined, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, 1991.
  • White, Stephen.Russia Goes Dry out: Booze, State and Society (1995).
  • Robert S. Walker and Samuel C. Patterson, OKlahoma Goes Moisture: The Repeal of Prohibition (McGraw-Hill Book Co. Eagleton Institute Rutgers Academy 1960).
  • Samuel C. Patterson and Robert S. Walker, "The Political Attitudes of Oklahoma Newspapers Editors: The Prohibition Result," The Southwestern Social Science Quarterly (1961).

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition

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